Interview Tips for freshers

Here are some information that I present , plz have some patience & read the complete mail .wipro has 3 modes of selection .

1. Written test

2.Technical interview

3.Hr interview

I have also given the details of books which mostly refered .I ) . Written :Usually Wipro assigns 80 ques / 90 min . But I attended at my campus ,hence I had 50 ques / 50 min .There are three section in Wipro's written :VERBAL SECTION Plz follow Barrons GRE from 11 to 15 th edition .including 5 model q-paper given at the last .Just mug up the following things .

1 Analogy

2.Antonyms

3.Sentence correction

4. Sentence completion

LOGICAL REASONING :

Dont follow the book "Quantitative & Aptitude " By RS Agarwall. Plz follow "Verbal & Non verbal reasoning " By RS Agarwall.And I found all the questions were of Logical reasoning type . Some questions are different like , octal-binary , bin-hexa conversion.

TECHNICAL SECTION

Study the following books for C questions .1. Test your Skills in c.2.Exploring C 3.Let us c 4. pointers in C All the books are by Yaswanth Kanitkar Kanitkar .The following book is also usefull1. The C programming Language by Dennish Ritchie .

IMPORTANTYou attend all the question without fail. Try for maximum . If ur written score is top , then they wont miss u even if u dont do the technical interview well. also go thro wipro's old question papers , bcause its possible that someof the questions may be repeated .

Technical Interview

Most of the technical questions are from following areas .

1 C , C++ ( Oops Basic concepts ) some times they may ask u to write codes and brainstorm u with pointers .Say , * Explain the working of printf ( ) and scanf () .* whats function pointer and write the syntax.* whats the difference between malloc() and calloc ( ).* whats void pointer ? , null pointer ?[ like , some tricks in c .... ]

2.Data Structures ( searching , sorting , trees . But graphs are not considered mostly . ) .They will give u some data & u will be asked to sort out the data manually.also know about the no of comparison & computation [ like for Quick sort o(nlogn ) for bubble sort : o(n's square )] Also some times they ask u to write programs like ,* infix to post and pre-fix * Factorial using recursion ,* swapping 2 numbers with out using the 3rd variable . * syntax for binary tree* program for linked list , double , circular lists .[ Just write anything , which may be wrong ! They just check for urconfidence , they dont look at the code keenly !! ]

3. Operating System .

For this part , just revise ur subject ( bcause all of u could have already studied this subject) . Be sure of Memory management including Paging,Segmentation , also page replace ment algoritms , Process concepts ,scheduling alogorithms . Dead lock & prevention part is very very important .Dont miss to study the classical problem of dead lock including Dining philosopher problem , Producer consumer problem.

IMPORTANT :os is very easy area . So u can easily impress the interviewer if u correctly produce the answers for ur Os questions . Give the suitable definition for each question. Dont baffle the things . Try to produce the answers by usking questions urself before u attend the interview .Say for example , the following questions cant have appropriate definitionin the text book ! * Whats External Fragmentation ?* Whats Internal Fragmentation ? * Whats the differnce between Linux & Windows ? [ U give bullet point answers , Dont say like Windows is good , Linux is worst !!!!! ] Mostly follow the books for Os , * "Operating System concepts by Silbertz Scatz " * Modern Operating System by Andrew Tanenbaum.

4. DBMS

Revise the SQL [ u should be able to write queries ] , and study about the Normal Forms [1,2,3,4,5, with BCNf ], Joining Tables [left/right/full.outetr joining ],They some times ask about the integrities like domain , referentialintegrity .Also be sure with keys like , Super, primary , candidate , Foriegn keys .For DBMS follow the book , " Data Base system concepts " By Korth .

5. Networking

Just know about the OSI stack and routing protocols and some thing about Ip classes .
ONE MORE IMPORTANT THINGS IS THAT , DONT USE UNWANTED TERMINOLOGIES.
Say for example , when u r asked to tell some differnce about Windows and Linux , if u say like , " Windows is COM based or Win32 API based........" . Then the next question will be "whats COM ? Whats Win32 API ?" .So , use ur words very grisp and compact .[ I had this experience when I was answering . He asked me to tell aboutthe OSI layers , I was answering , at that time I used the word , " Incase of ATM network ....." , u know , he forgot about the OSI , and stared to ask from ATM . Then I told hime that I was not aware of ATM , and I could behappy if he continue with the OSI layer again !!! ]
U CAN LEAD THE INTERVIEWER ! , Yes just make a boundary of questions saying that this is my interest subject , I will be happy if u ask more from this area . But say this after u tried for some questions .Dont say I DONT KNOW !!! . Instead say like , " I am not much aware of it ! "Prepare ur project [ if u have any mini project or ur final year project] . Atleat u must report about one project when u r asked to explain about ur project.when u r asked to tell about the project , u just give him an overviewlike , * The project name is .... "xyz " ...* This is used to .......* This has these advatages .......* I used these things ( like c , c++ ,Java ) in my project .They will surely ask u to write some coding of some modules of ur project .[ I used SQL with Jsp in my-project . They asked me to write the coding for connecting JDBC with SQL ]. And explain ur role in ur project. [ also I was asked to explain about my role in the project and tell about the major technical risk in the project and how I cleared the hurdle .]

HR interview .

U should be knowing a lot of ur-self at first ! since most of the questions are related to u and ur background .Be preoared for the standard questions like , * Tell ablout ur-self ? [ or some time they will tease u like " who are u ?"] * Tell me about ur family background .* Tell ur strength and weakness ?* Why should I hire u ? * what do you know about Wipro ? * What do you expect from Wipro ? * Where u want be posted ? [ u just say anywhere ! ] * Where do u find ur-self after 5 years ? [ Dont say I like to become anIAS or IPS !!! tell some thing related ur professional life ] * whats ur short-term goal & whats ur long term goal ? [ This answer shouldmatch with ur pervious answer ! Thats why again they put the question usingdifferent way !! ]* Whats ur achievment ? or tell about ur co-curricular and extra-curricularactivities.They will ask u a lot of cross questions when u r answering , so be patientand give proofs to all ur points .I have some general tips to tell u all .

General comments

1. Keep a smiling face when u enter , that will let the tension to get rid off.

2. Dont speak too much ! and also Dont Give one line or one word answers .

3. Always speak cool . Dont expose that u r nervous / get tensed .

4. When u dont know answers for some questions , dont say " I dont know " .Instead , redirect the interviewer saying that , " Sir I am not strong in that area , I will be happy if u ask questions from ...... [ the areawhich u know well ! ]"

5.Dont keep mum for any questions , thats a very bad sign ! , Instead just track the session by speaking some related things .

6. Dont use unwanted keyword / phrase ( which the mistake that I committedand I explianed it above !!! )

7. Once u tell anything , plz stand by with ur answers , dont get backur words !!

8. Almost try to communicate using simple english and be sure that u gotthe correct question also ur answer reached the interviewer.
9. Maintain a flow , thats , u maintain a gap of some jiffy between thequestion and the answer .
10 . The one more thing is that , you believe that u r out smarted , urthe ultimate , and have a gentle look with confidenc , then u will win !

Java Interview Questions

What is the diffrence between an Abstract class and Interface ?
What is user defined exception ?
What do you know about the garbate collector ?
What is the difference between C++ & Java ?
Explain RMI Architecture?
How do you communicate in between Applets & Servlets ?
What is the use of Servlets ?
What is JDBC? How do you connect to the Database ?
In an HTML form I have a Button which makes us to open another page in 15 seconds. How will do you that ?
What is the difference between Process and Threads ?
What is the difference between RMI & Corba ?
What are the services in RMI ?
How will you initialize an Applet ?
What is the order of method invocation in an Applet ?
When is update method called ?
How will you pass values from HTML page to the Servlet ?
Have you ever used HashTable and Dictionary ?
How will you communicate between two Applets ?
What are statements in JAVA ?
What is JAR file ?
What is JNI ?
What is the base class for all swing components ?
What is JFC ?
What is Difference between AWT and Swing ?
Considering notepad/IE or any other thing as process, What will happen if you start notepad or IE 3 times? Where 3 processesare started or 3 threads are started ?
How does thread synchronization occurs inside a monitor ?
How will you call an Applet using a Java Script function ?
Is there any tag in HTML to upload and download files ?
Why do you Canvas ?
How can you push data from an Applet to Servlet ?
What are 4 drivers available in JDBC ?
How you can know about drivers and database information ?
If you are truncated using JDBC, How can you know ..that how much data is truncated ? And What situation , each of the 4 drivers used ?
How will you perform transaction using JDBC ?
In RMI, server object first loaded into the memory and then the stub reference is sent to the client ? or whether a stub reference is directly sent to the client ?
Suppose server object is not loaded into the memory, and the client request for it , what will happen?
What is serialization ?
Can you load the server object dynamically? If so, what are the major 3 steps involved in it ?
What is difference RMI registry and OSAgent ?
To a server method, the client wants to send a value 20, with this value exceeds to 20,. a message should be sent to the client ?
What will you do for achieving for this ?
What are the benefits of Swing over AWT ?
Where the CardLayout is used ?
What is the Layout for ToolBar ?
What is the difference between Grid and GridbagLayout ?
How will you add panel to a Frame ?
What is the corresponding Layout for Card in Swing ?
What is light weight component ?
Can you run the product development on all operating systems ?
What is the webserver used for running the Servlets ?
What is Servlet API used for conneting database ?
What is bean ? Where it can be used ?
What is difference in between Java Class and Bean ?
Can we send object using Sockets ?
What is the RMI and Socket ?
How to communicate 2 threads each other ?
What are the files generated after using IDL to Java Compilet ?
What is the protocol used by server and client ?
Can I modify an object in CORBA ?
What is the functionality stubs and skeletons ?
What is the mapping mechanism used by Java to identify IDL language ?
Diff between Application and Applet ?
What is serializable Interface ?
What is the difference between CGI and Servlet ?
What is the use of Interface ?
Why Java is not fully objective oriented ?
Why does not support multiple Inheritance ?
What it the root class for all Java classes ?
What is polymorphism ?
Suppose If we have variable ' I ' in run method, If I can create one or more thread each thread will occupy a separate copy or same variable will be shared ?
In servlets, we are having a web page that is invoking servlets username and password ? which is cheks in the database ?
Suppose the second page also If we want to verify the same information whethe it will connect to the database or it will be used previous information?
What are virtual functions ?
Write down how will you create a binary Tree ?
What are the traverses in Binary Tree ?
Write a program for recursive Traverse ?
What are session variable in Servlets ?
What is client server computing ?
What is Constructor and Virtual function? Can we call Virtual funciton in a constructor ?
Why we use OOPS concepts? What is its advantage ?
What is the middleware ? What is the functionality of Webserver ?
Why Java is not 100 % pure OOPS ? ( EcomServer )
When we will use an Interface and Abstract class ?
What is an RMI?
How will you pass parameters in RMI ? Why u serialize?
What is the exact difference in between Unicast and Multicast object ? Where we will use ?
What is the main functionality of the Remote Reference Layer ?
How do you download stubs from a Remote place ?
What is the difference in between C++ and Java ? can u explain in detail ?
I want to store more than 10 objects in a remote server ? Which methodology will follow ?
What is the main functionality of the Prepared Statement ?
What is meant by static query and dynamic query ?
What are the Normalization Rules ? Define the Normalization ?
What is meant by Servelet? What are the parameters of the service method ?
What is meant by Session ? Tell me something about HTTPSession Class ?
How do you invoke a Servelt? What is the difference in between doPost and doGet methods ?
What is the difference in between the HTTPServlet and Generic Servlet ? Expalin their methods ? Tell me their parameter names also ?
Have you used threads in Servelet ?
Write a program on RMI and JDBC using StoredProcedure ?
How do you sing an Applet ?
In a Container there are 5 components. I want to display the all the components names, how will you do that one ?
Why there are some null interface in java ? What does it mean ? Give me some null interfaces in JAVA ?
Tell me the latest versions in JAVA related areas ?
What is meant by class loader ? How many types are there? When will we use them ?
How do you load an Image in a Servlet ?
What is meant by flickering ?
What is meant by distributed Application ? Why we are using that in our applications ?
What is the functionality of the stub ?
Have you used any version control ?
What is the latest version of JDBC ? What are the new features are added in that ?
Explain 2 tier and 3 -tier Architecture ?
What is the role of the webserver ?
How have you done validation of the fileds in your project ?
What is the main difficulties that you are faced in your project ?
What is meant by cookies ? Explain ? Problem faced in your earlier project
How OOPS concept is achieved in Java
Features for using Java
How does Java 2.0 differ from Java 1.0
Public static void main – Explain
What are command line arguments
Explain about the three-tier model
Difference between String & StringBuffer
Wrapper class. Is String a Wrapper Class
What are the restriction for static method
Purpose of the file class
Default modifier in Interface
Difference between Interface & Abstract class
Can abstract be declared as Final
Can we declare variables inside a method as Final Variables
What is the package concept and use of package
How can a dead thread be started
Difference between Applet & Application
Life cycle of the Applet
Can Applet have constructors
Differeence between canvas class & graphics class
Explain about Superclass & subclass
Difference between TCP & UDP
What is AppletStub
Explain Stream Tokenizer
What is the difference between two types of threads
Checked & Unchecked exception
Use of throws exception
What is finally in exception handling
Vector class
What will happen to the Exception object after exception handling
Two types of multi-tasking
Two ways to create the thread
Synchronization
I/O Filter
How can you retrieve warnings in JDBC
Can applet in different page communicate with each other
Four driver Manager
Features of JDBC 20
Explain about stored procedures
Servlet Life cycle
Why do you go for servlet rather than CGI
How to generate skeleton & Stub classes
Explain lazy activation
Firewalls in RMI

Core Java Interview Questions

Q1.How could a Java program redirect error messages to a file while sending other messages to the system console?

A. The class System has a variable out that represents the standard output, and the variable err that represents the standard error device. By default, they both point at the system console. This how the standard output could be re-directed:Stream st = new Stream(new FileOutputStream("output.txt")); System.setErr(st); System.setOut(st);

Q2.What's the difference between an interface and an abstract class?

A. An abstract class may contain code in method bodies, which is not allowed in an interface. With abstract classes, you have to inherit your class from it and Java does not allow multiple inheritance. On the other hand, you can implement multiple interfaces in your class.

Q3. Why would you use a synchronized block vs. synchronized method?

A. Synchronized blocks place locks for shorter periods than synchronized methods.

Q4. You can create an abstract class that contains only abstract methods. On the other hand, you can create an interface that declares the same methods. So can you use abstract classes instead of interfaces? Sometimes. But your class may be a descendent of another class and in this case the interface is your only option.

Q5. How can you force garbage collection?

You can't force GC, but could request it by calling System.gc(). JVM does not guarantee that GC will be started immediately.

Q6. How do you know if an explicit object casting is needed?

A. If you assign a superclass object to a variable of a subclass's data type, you need to do explicit casting. For example: Object a; Customer b; b = (Customer) a; When you assign a subclass to a variable having a supeclass type, the casting is performed automatically.

Q7. What's the difference between the methods sleep() and wait()

A. The code sleep(1000); puts thread aside for exactly one second. The code wait(1000), causes a wait of up to one second. A thread could stop waiting earlier if it receives the notify() or notifyAll() call. The method wait() is defined in the class Object and the method sleep() is defined in the class Thread.

Q8. Can you write a Java class that could be used both as an applet as well as an application?

A. Yes. Add a main() method to the applet.

Q9. What's the difference between constructors and other methods?

A. Constructors must have the same name as the class and can not return a value. They are only called once while regular methods could be called many times.

Q10. Can you call one constructor from another if a class has multiple constructors

A. Yes. Use this() syntax.
Q11. Explain the usage of Java packages.

A. This is a way to organize files when a project consists of multiple modules. It also helps resolve naming conflicts when different packages have classes with the same names. Packages access level also allows you to protect data from being used by the non-authorized classes.

Q12. If a class is located in a package, what do you need to change in the OS environment to be able to use it?

A. You need to add a directory or a jar file that contains the package directories to the CLASSPATH environment variable. Let's say a class Employee belongs to a package com.xyz.hr; and is located in the file c:\dev\com\xyz\hr\Employee.java. In this case, you'd need to add c:\dev to the variable CLASSPATH. If this class contains the method main(), you could test it from a command prompt window as follows: c:\>java com.xyz.hr.Employee

Q13. What's the difference between J2SDK 1.5 and J2SDK 5.0?

A.There's no difference, Sun Microsystems just re-branded this version.

Q14. What's the difference between a queue and a stack?

A. Stacks works by last-in-first-out rule (LIFO), while queues use the FIFO rule

Q15. Explain the usage of the keyword transient?

A. This keyword indicates that the value of this member variable does not have to be serialized with the object. When the class will be de-serialized, this variable will be initialized with a default value of its data type (i.e. zero for integers).

Q16. What comes to mind when you hear about a young generation in Java?

A. Garbage collection.

Q17. What comes to mind when someone mentions a shallow copy in Java?

A. Object cloning.

Q18. If you're overriding the method equals() of an object, which other method you might also consider?

A. hashCode()

Q19. You are planning to do an indexed search in a list of objects. Which of the two Java collections should you use: ArrayList or LinkedList?

A. ArrayList

Q20. What's the main difference between a Vector and ArrayList

A. Java Vector class is internally synchronized and ArrayList is not.

Q21. When should the method invokeLater()be used?

A. This method is used to ensure that Swing components are updated through the event-dispatching thread.

Q22. How would you make a copy of an entire Java object with its state?

A. Have this class implement Cloneable interface and call its method clone().

Q23. What would you use to compare two String variables - the operator == or the method equals()?

A. I'd use the method equals() to compare the values of the Strings and the == to check if two variables point at the same instance of a String object.

Q24. How can you minimize the need of garbage collection and make the memory use more effective?

A. Use object pooling and weak object references.

Q25. How can a subclass call a method or a constructor defined in a superclass?

A. Use the following syntax: super.myMethod(); To call a constructor of the superclass, just write super(); in the first line of the subclass's constructor.

Q26. There are two classes: A and B. The class B need to inform a class A when some important event has happened. What Java technique would you use to implement it?

If these classes are threads I'd consider notify() or notifyAll(). For regular classes you can use the Observer interface.

Q27. What access level do you need to specify in the class declaration to ensure that only classes from the same directory can access it?

A. You do not need to specify any access level, and Java will use a default package access level.

Q28. Does it matter in what order catch statements for FileNotFoundException and IOExceptipon are written?

A. A. Yes, it does. The FileNoFoundException is inherited from the IOException. Exception's subclasses have to be caught first.

Q29. Can an inner class, declared inside of a method, access local variables of this method?

A. It's possible only if these variables are final.

Q30. What can go wrong if you replace && with & in the following code:String a=null; if (a!=null && a.length()>10) {...} A. A single ampersand here would lead to a NullPointerException.

ASP.NET Questions

1. Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code?

Server side scripting means that all the script will be executed by the server and interpreted as needed. ASP doesn’t have some of the functionality like sockets, uploading, etc. For these you have to make a custom components usually in VB or VC++. Client side scripting means that the script will be executed immediately in the browser such as form field validation, clock, email validation, etc. Client side scripting is usually done in VBScript or JavaScript. Download time, browser compatibility, and visible code - since JavaScript and VBScript code is included in the HTML page, then anyone can see the code by viewing the page source. Also a possible security hazards for the client computer.

2. What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?

C#

3. Should validation (did the user enter a real date) occur server-side or client-side? Why? Client-side validation because there is no need to request a server side date when you could obtain a date from the client machine.

4. What does the "EnableViewState" property do? Why would I want it on or off?

Enable ViewState turns on the automatic state management feature that enables server controls to re-populate their values on a round trip without requiring you to write any code. This feature is not free however, since the state of a control is passed to and from the server in a hidden form field. You should be aware of when ViewState is helping you and when it is not. For example, if you are binding a control to data on every round trip (as in the datagrid example in tip #4), then you do not need the control to maintain it’s view state, since you will wipe out any re-populated data in any case. ViewState is enabled for all server controls by default. To disable it, set the EnableViewState property of the control to false.

5. What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Why would I choose one over the other?

Server.Transfer() : client is shown as it is on the requesting page only, but the all the content is of the requested page. Data can be persist accros the pages using Context.Item collection, which is one of the best way to transfer data from one page to another keeping the page state alive. Response.Dedirect() :client know the physical loation (page name and query string as well). Context.Items loses the persisitance when nevigate to destination page. In earlier versions of IIS, if we wanted to send a user to a new Web page, the only option we had was Response.Redirect. While this method does accomplish our goal, it has several important drawbacks. The biggest problem is that this method causes each page to be treated as a separate transaction. Besides making it difficult to maintain your transactional integrity, Response.Redirect introduces some additional headaches. First, it prevents good encapsulation of code. Second, you lose access to all of the properties in the Request object. Sure, there are workarounds, but they’re difficult. Finally, Response.Redirect necessitates a round trip to the client, which, on high-volume sites, causes scalability problems. As you might suspect, Server.Transfer fixes all of these problems. It does this by performing the transfer on the server without requiring a roundtrip to the client.

6. Can you give an example of when it would be appropriate to use a web service as opposed to a non-serviced .NET component? When to Use Web Services:

* Communicating through a Firewall When building a distributed application with 100s/1000s of users spread over multiple locations, there is always the problem of communicating between client and server because of firewalls and proxy servers. Exposing your middle tier components as Web Services and invoking the directly from a Windows UI is a very valid option.
* Application Integration When integrating applications written in various languages and running on disparate systems. Or even applications running on the same platform that have been written by separate vendors.
* Business-to-Business Integration This is an enabler for B2B intergtation which allows one to expose vital business processes to authorized supplier and customers. An example would be exposing electronic ordering and invoicing, allowing customers to send you purchase orders and suppliers to send you invoices electronically.
* Software Reuse This takes place at multiple levels. Code Reuse at the Source code level or binary componet-based resuse. The limiting factor here is that you can reuse the code but not the data behind it. Webservice overcome this limitation. A scenario could be when you are building an app that aggregates the functionality of serveral other Applicatons. Each of these functions could be performed by individual apps, but there is value in perhaps combining the the multiple apps to present a unifiend view in a Portal or Intranet.
* When not to use Web Services: Single machine Applicatons When the apps are running on the same machine and need to communicate with each other use a native API. You also have the options of using component technologies such as COM or .NET Componets as there is very little overhead.
* Homogeneous Applications on a LAN If you have Win32 or Winforms apps that want to communicate to their server counterpart. It is much more efficient to use DCOM in the case of Win32 apps and .NET Remoting in the case of .NET Apps.

7. Let’s say I have an existing application written using Visual Studio (VBInterDevand this application utilizes WindowsCOM+ transaction services. How would you approach migrating this application to .NET?

8. Can you explain the difference between an ADO.NET Dataset and an ADO Recordset?

In ADO, the in-memory representation of data is the recordset. In ADO.NET, it is the dataset. There are important differences between them.
* A recordset looks like a single table. If a recordset is to contain data from multiple database tables, it must use a JOIN query, which assembles the data from the various database tables into a single result table. In contrast, a dataset is a collection of one or more tables. The tables within a dataset are called data tables; specifically, they are DataTable objects. If a dataset contains data from multiple database tables, it will typically contain multiple DataTable objects. That is, each DataTable object typically corresponds to a single database table or view. In this way, a dataset can mimic the structure of the underlying database. A dataset usually also contains relationships. A relationship within a dataset is analogous to a foreign-key relationship in a database —that is, it associates rows of the tables with each other. For example, if a dataset contains a table about investors and another table about each investor’s stock purchases, it could also contain a relationship connecting each row of the investor table with the corresponding rows of the purchase table. Because the dataset can hold multiple, separate tables and maintain information about relationships between them, it can hold much richer data structures than a recordset, including self-relating tables and tables with many-to-many relationships.
* In ADO you scan sequentially through the rows of the recordset using the ADO MoveNext method. In ADO.NET, rows are represented as collections, so you can loop through a table as you would through any collection, or access particular rows via ordinal or primary key index. DataRelation objects maintain information about master and detail records and provide a method that allows you to get records related to the one you are working with. For example, starting from the row of the Investor table for "Nate Sun," you can navigate to the set of rows of the Purchase table describing his purchases. A cursor is a database element that controls record navigation, the ability to update data, and the visibility of changes made to the database by other users. ADO.NET does not have an inherent cursor object, but instead includes data classes that provide the functionality of a traditional cursor. For example, the functionality of a forward-only, read-only cursor is available in the ADO.NET DataReader object. For more information about cursor functionality, see Data Access Technologies.
* Minimized Open Connections: In ADO.NET you open connections only long enough to perform a database operation, such as a Select or Update. You can read rows into a dataset and then work with them without staying connected to the data source. In ADO the recordset can provide disconnected access, but ADO is designed primarily for connected access. There is one significant difference between disconnected processing in ADO and ADO.NET. In ADO you communicate with the database by making calls to an OLE DB provider. In ADO.NET you communicate with the database through a data adapter (an OleDbDataAdapter, SqlDataAdapter, OdbcDataAdapter, or OracleDataAdapter object), which makes calls to an OLE DB provider or the APIs provided by the underlying data source. The important difference is that in ADO.NET the data adapter allows you to control how the changes to the dataset are transmitted to the database — by optimizing for performance, performing data validation checks, or adding any other extra processing. Data adapters, data connections, data commands, and data readers are the components that make up a .NET Framework data provider. Microsoft and third-party providers can make available other .NET Framework data providers that can be integrated into Visual Studio.
* Sharing Data Between Applications. Transmitting an ADO.NET dataset between applications is much easier than transmitting an ADO disconnected recordset. To transmit an ADO disconnected recordset from one component to another, you use COM marshalling. To transmit data in ADO.NET, you use a dataset, which can transmit an XML stream.
* Richer data types.COM marshalling provides a limited set of data types — those defined by the COM standard. Because the transmission of datasets in ADO.NET is based on an XML format, there is no restriction on data types. Thus, the components sharing the dataset can use whatever rich set of data types they would ordinarily use.
* Performance. Transmitting a large ADO recordset or a large ADO.NET dataset can consume network resources; as the amount of data grows, the stress placed on the network also rises. Both ADO and ADO.NET let you minimize which data is transmitted. But ADO.NET offers another performance advantage, in that ADO.NET does not require data-type conversions. ADO, which requires COM marshalling to transmit records sets among components, does require that ADO data types be converted to COM data types.
* Penetrating Firewalls.A firewall can interfere with two components trying to transmit disconnected ADO recordsets. Remember, firewalls are typically configured to allow HTML text to pass, but to prevent system-level requests (such as COM marshalling) from passing.

9. Can you give an example of what might be best suited to place in the Application_Start and Session_Start subroutines?

The Application_Start event is guaranteed to occur only once throughout the lifetime of the application. It’s a good place to initialize global variables. For example, you might want to retrieve a list of products from a database table and place the list in application state or the Cache object. SessionStateModule exposes both Session_Start and Session_End events.

10. If I’m developing an application that must accomodate multiple security levels though secure login and my ASP.NET web appplication is spanned across three web-servers (using round-robbin load balancing) what would be the best approach to maintain login-in state for the users?

11. What are ASP.NET Web Forms? How is this technology different than what is available though ASP? Web Forms are the heart and soul of ASP.NET. Web Forms are the User Interface (UI) elements that give your Web applications their look and feel. Web Forms are similar to Windows Forms in that they provide properties, methods, and events for the controls that are placed onto them. However, these UI elements render themselves in the appropriate markup language required by the request, e.g. HTML. If you use Microsoft Visual Studio .NET, you will also get the familiar drag-and-drop interface used to create your UI for your Web application.

12. How does VB.NET/C# achieve polymorphism?

By using Abstract classes/functions.

13. Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you might use it?

Inheritance is a fundamental feature of an object oriented system and it is simply the ability to inherit data and functionality from a parent object. Rather than developing new objects from scratch, new code can be based on the work of other programmers, adding only new features that are needed.

14. How would you implement inheritance using VB.NET/C#?

When we set out to implement a class using inheritance, we must first start with an existing class from which we will derive our new subclass. This existing class, or base class, may be part of the .NET system class library framework, it may be part of some other application or .NET assembly, or we may create it as part of our existing application. Once we have a base class, we can then implement one or more subclasses based on that base class. Each of our subclasses will automatically have all of the methods, properties, and events of that base class ? including the implementation behind each method, property, and event. Our subclass can add new methods, properties, and events of its own - extending the original interface with new functionality. Additionally, a subclass can replace the methods and properties of the base class with its own new implementation - effectively overriding the original behavior and replacing it with new behaviors. Essentially inheritance is a way of merging functionality from an existing class into our new subclass. Inheritance also defines rules for how these methods, properties, and events can be merged.

Types of Testing

Tests are based on requirements and functionality. Not based on any knowledge of internal design or code.

White box testing

Tests are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths, conditions. Based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application's code.

Unit testing

The most 'micro' scale of testing; to test particular functions or code modules. Typically done by the programmer and not by testers, as it requires detailed knowledge of the internal program design and code.Not always easily done unless the application has a well-designed architecture with tight code; may require developing test driver modules or test harnesses.

Incremental integration testing

Continuous testing of an application as new functionality is added; requires that various aspects of an application's functionality be independent enough to work separately before all parts of the program are completed, or that test drivers be developed as needed; done by programmers or by testers.

Integration testing

Testing of combined parts of an application to determine if they function together correctly. The 'parts' can be code modules, individual applications, client and server applications on a network, etc. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server and distributed systems.

Functional testing

Black-box type testing geared to functional requirements of an application; testers should do this type of testing. This doesn't mean that the programmers shouldn't check that their code works before releasing it (which of course applies to any stage of testing.)

System testing

Black box type testing that is based on overall requirements specifications; covers all combined parts of a system.

End-to-End testing

Similar to system testing; the 'macro' end of the test scale; involves testing of a complete application environment in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with a database, using network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if appropriate.

Sanity testing

Typically an initial testing effort to determine if a new software version is performing well enough to accept it for a major testing effort. For example, if the new software is crashing systems every 5 minutes, bogging down systems to a crawl, or destroying databases, the software may not be in a 'sane' enough condition to warrant further testing in its current state.

Regression testing

Re-testing after fixes or modifications of the software or its environment. It can be difficult to determine how much re-testing is needed, especially near the end of the development cycle. Automated testing tools can be especially useful for this type of testing.

Acceptance testing

Final testing based on specifications of the end-user or customer, or based on use by end-users/customers over some limited period of time.

Load testing

Testing an application under heavy loads, such as testing of a web site under a range of loads to determine at what point the system's response time degrades or fails.

Stress testing

Term often used interchangeably with 'load' and 'performance' testing. Also used to describe such tests as system functional testing while under unusually heavy loads, heavy repetition of certain actions or inputs, input of large numerical values, large complex queries to a database system, etc.

Performance testing

Term often used interchangeably with 'stress' and 'load' testing. Ideally 'performance' testing (and any other ‘type' of testing) is defined in requirements documentation or QA or Test Plans. Performance testing which is sometimes treated as a part of system testing tries to show that the application is not able to fulfill its task in the amount of time it is supposed to.

Usability testing

Testing for 'user-friendliness'. Clearly this is subjective, and will depend on the targeted end-user or customer. User interviews, surveys, video recording of user sessions, and other techniques can be used. Programmers and testers are usually not appropriate as usability testers.

Install/Uninstall testing

Testing of full, partial, or upgrade install/uninstall processes.

Recovery testing

Testing how well a system recovers from crashes, hardware failures, or other catastrophic problems.

Security testing

Testing how well the system protects against unauthorized internal or external access, willful damage, etc; may require sophisticated testing techniques.

Compatibility testing

Testing how well software performs in a particular hardware/software/operating system/network/etc. environment.

Comparison testing

Comparing software weaknesses and strengths to competing products.

Alpha testing

Testing of an application when development is nearing completion; minor design changes may still be made as a result of such testing. Typically done by end-users or others, not by programmers or testers.

Beta testing

Testing of an application after development and testing are essentially completed and final bugs and problems need to be found before final release. Design changes may not be made. Problems found in this stage but not fixed may be included in the Release notes. Typically done by end-users or others, not by programmers or testers.

Software Testing Interview Questions

1. What is Testing ?

Testing is finding out how well something works. But the proper definition is "Testing is the process of executing a set of instructions or steps to know how well a Software application or any product adheres to the product specifications"

Testing is the process of finding defects in a software application , reporting it & making sure the defects or bugs are fixed by the development. Once the development does the fixes for the reported defects Testing team is again responsible to verfiy the fixes & making sure the new fix has not broken any previously working functionality of the product.

2. What is a Defect or a Bug or a Product issue ?

Any deviation from the specifications mentioned in the product functional specification document is a [b]Defect[/b]. A defect or a bug is a mistake in the software application or AUT[Application Under Test] considering the details mentioned in the detailed specification document.

So if some feature or functionality of a Software application is varying from what it is supposed to be[with regard to its expectations mentioned in the Specification documents] it is considered a bug or a Defect. Some companies use the term CR: Change Request for a bug.

3. What will you do when you find a Defect in the product that you are Testing ?

Different companies follow different processes or methods in this case but generally when we find a bug or defect we report it following the bug logging process or Defect Reporting . But it is also the job of a Testing Engineer to make sure it is a real product bug & not any setup or testcase issue before filing a defect report [Bug Logging]

4. How do you log a bug & what software you use for this process ?

We use Bugzilla which is an opensource software for logging bug. While logging a bug we need to give detailed information about the whole steps i've done when i encountered this bug or defect.

When we hit a defect i mean while executing some testcase if we encounter a bug , we need to inform the developers & also concerned like Program manager,Development Lead,Test Lead etc. Bug reporting is a process of such communication. The main aim of a bug report is to let the developers know the details of the failure & to help them to find a resolution for the issue . So it is very important to give detailed information so that whoever is reading the bug report or trying to reproduce the bug can do so easily . The bug report is a document that explains the gap between the expected result and the actual result and detailing on how to reproduce the scenario.

5. Describe in detail what you should do after Finding the Bug?

Write the bug report just when you are sure that you have found a bug, not after the end of test or at the end of the day. It might be possible that you might miss out on many crucial points if you are delaying the write up for bug filing . Worse, you might miss the bug itself.
Put necessary time to diagnose the defect you are reporting. Think of the possible causes. You might land up uncovering more defects if there are any . Mention your discoveries in your bug report. The programmers will only be happy seeing that you have made their job easier. Take some time off before reading your bug report. You might feel like re-writing it.

6. What are the factors you consider while writing Defect Summary or bug synopsis ?

The summary of the bug report is the readers first glance with your bug report. The fate of your bug heavily depends on how well you compress yet describe the summary of your bug report. The rule is that every bug should have a one line summary some reporting softwares call it as Bug Synopsis. A good summary will not be more than 50 to 60 characters.

LoadRunner Interview Questions

1. What is load testing?

Load testing is to test that if the application works fine with the loads that result from large number of simultaneous users, transactions and to determine weather it can handle peak usage periods.

2. What is Performance testing?

Timing for both read and update transactions should be gathered to determine whether system functions are being performed in an acceptable timeframe. This should be done standalone and then in a multi user environment to determine the effect of multiple transactions on the timing of a single transaction.


3. Did u use LoadRunner? What version?

Yes. Version 7.2.

4. Explain the Load testing process?

Step 1: Planning the test. Here, we develop a clearly defined test plan to ensure the test scenarios we develop will accomplish load-testing objectives.
Step 2: Creating Vusers. Here, we create Vuser scripts that contain tasks performed by each Vuser, tasks performed by Vusers as a whole, and tasks measured as transactions.
Step 3: Creating the scenario. A scenario describes the events that occur during a testing session. It includes a list of machines, scripts, and Vusers that run during the scenario. We create scenarios using LoadRunner Controller. We can create manual scenarios as well as goal-oriented scenarios. In manual scenarios, we define the number of Vusers, the load generator machines, and percentage of Vusers to be assigned to each script. For web tests, we may create a goal-oriented scenario where we define the goal that our test has to achieve. LoadRunner automatically builds a scenario for us.
Step 4: Running the scenario.We emulate load on the server by instructing multiple Vusers to perform tasks simultaneously. Before the testing, we set the scenario configuration and scheduling. We can run the entire scenario, Vuser groups, or individual Vusers. Step 5: Monitoring the scenario.We monitor scenario execution using the LoadRunner online runtime, transaction, system resource, Web resource, Web server resource, Web application server resource, database server resource, network delay, streaming media resource, firewall server resource, ERP server resource, and Java performance monitors. Step 6: Analyzing test results. During scenario execution, LoadRunner records the performance of the application under different loads. We use LoadRunner’s graphs and reports to analyze the application’s performance.

5. When do you do load and performance Testing?

We perform load testing once we are done with interface (GUI) testing. Modern system architectures are large and complex. Whereas single user testing primarily on functionality and user interface of a system component, application testing focuses on performance and reliability of an entire system. For example, a typical application-testing scenario might depict 1000 users logging in simultaneously to a system. This gives rise to issues such as what is the response time of the system, does it crash, will it go with different software applications and platforms, can it hold so many hundreds and thousands of users, etc. This is when we set do load and performance testing.

6. What are the components of LoadRunner?

The components of LoadRunner are The Virtual User Generator, Controller, and the Agent process, LoadRunner Analysis and Monitoring, LoadRunner Books Online.

7. What Component of LoadRunner would you use to record a Script?

The Virtual User Generator (VuGen) component is used to record a script. It enables you to develop Vuser scripts for a variety of application types and communication protocols.

8. What Component of LoadRunner would you use to play Back the script in multi user mode?

The Controller component is used to playback the script in multi-user mode. This is done during a scenario run where a vuser script is executed by a number of vusers in a group.

9. What is a rendezvous point?

You insert rendezvous points into Vuser scripts to emulate heavy user load on the server. Rendezvous points instruct Vusers to wait during test execution for multiple Vusers to arrive at a certain point, in order that they may simultaneously perform a task. For example, to emulate peak load on the bank server, you can insert a rendezvous point instructing 100 Vusers to deposit cash into their accounts at the same time.

10. What is a scenario?

A scenario defines the events that occur during each testing session. For example, a scenario defines and controls the number of users to emulate, the actions to be performed, and the machines on which the virtual users run their emulations.