Dot Net Interview Questions - Part 2 Interview question

1. What are Satellite Assemblies? How you will create this? How will you get the different language strings?
   Satellite assemblies are often used to deploy language-specific resources for an application. These language-specific assemblies work in side-by-side execution because the application has a separate product ID for each language and installs satellite assemblies in a language-specific subdirectory for each language. When uninstalling, the application removes only the satellite assemblies associated with a given language and .NET Framework version. No core .NET Framework files are removed unless the last language for that .NET Framework version is being removed.
   (For example, English and Japanese editions of the .NET Framework version 1.1 share the same core files. The Japanese .NET Framework version 1.1 adds satellite assemblies with localized resources in a \ja subdirectory. An application that supports the .NET Framework version 1.1, regardless of its language, always uses the same core runtime files.)
2. How will u load dynamic assembly? How will create assemblies at run time?
3. What is Assembly manifest? what all details the assembly manifest will contain?
   Every assembly, whether static or dynamic, contains a collection of data that describes how the elements in the assembly relate to each other. The assembly manifest contains this assembly metadata. An assembly manifest contains all the metadata needed to specify the assembly's version requirements and security identity, and all metadata needed to define the scope of the assembly and resolve references to resources and classes. The assembly manifest can be stored in either a PE file (an .exe or .dll) with Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) code or in a standalone PE file that contains only assembly manifest information.
   It contains Assembly name, Version number, Culture, Strong name information, List of all files in the assembly, Type reference information, Information on referenced assemblies.
4. Difference between assembly manifest & metadata?
   assembly manifest - An integral part of every assembly that renders the assembly self-describing. The assembly manifest contains the assembly's metadata. The manifest establishes the assembly identity, specifies the files that make up the assembly implementation, specifies the types and resources that make up the assembly, itemizes the compile-time dependencies on other assemblies, and specifies the set of permissions required for the assembly to run properly. This information is used at run time to resolve references, enforce version binding policy, and validate the integrity of loaded assemblies. The self-describing nature of assemblies also helps makes zero-impact install and XCOPY deployment feasible.
   metadata - Information that describes every element managed by the common language runtime: an assembly, loadable file, type, method, and so on. This can include information required for debugging and garbage collection, as well as security attributes, marshaling data, extended class and member definitions, version binding, and other information required by the runtime.
5. What is Global Assembly Cache (GAC) and what is the purpose of it? (How to make an assembly to public? Steps) How more than one version of an assembly can keep in same place?
   Each computer where the common language runtime is installed has a machine-wide code cache called the global assembly cache. The global assembly cache stores assemblies specifically designated to be shared by several applications on the computer. You should share assemblies by installing them into the global assembly cache only when you need to.
   Steps
   - Create a strong name using sn.exe tool
   eg: sn -k keyPair.snk
   - with in AssemblyInfo.cs add the generated file name
   eg: [assembly: AssemblyKeyFile("abc.snk")]
   - recompile project, then install it to GAC by either
   drag & drop it to assembly folder (C:\WINDOWS\assembly OR C:\WINNT\assembly) (shfusion.dll tool)
   or
   gacutil -i abc.dll
6. If I have more than one version of one assemblies, then how'll I use old version (how/where to specify version number?)in my application?
7. How to find methods of a assembly file (not using ILDASM)
   Reflection
8. What is Garbage Collection in .Net? Garbage collection process?
   The process of transitively tracing through all pointers to actively used objects in order to locate all objects that can be referenced, and then arranging to reuse any heap memory that was not found during this trace. The common language runtime garbage collector also compacts the memory that is in use to reduce the working space needed for the heap.
9. What is Reflection in .NET? Namespace? How will you load an assembly which is not referenced by current assembly?
   All .NET compilers produce metadata about the types defined in the modules they produce. This metadata is packaged along with the module (modules in turn are packaged together in assemblies), and can be accessed by a mechanism called reflection. The System.Reflection namespace contains classes that can be used to interrogate the types for a module/assembly.
   Using reflection to access .NET metadata is very similar to using ITypeLib/ITypeInfo to access type library data in COM, and it is used for similar purposes - e.g. determining data type sizes for marshaling data across context/process/machine boundaries.
   Reflection can also be used to dynamically invoke methods (see System.Type.InvokeMember), or even create types dynamically at run-time (see System.Reflection.Emit.TypeBuilder).
10. What is Custom attribute? How to create? If I'm having custom attribute in an assembly, how to say that name in the code?
    A: The primary steps to properly design custom attribute classes are as follows:

0. Applying the AttributeUsageAttribute ([AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All, Inherited = false, AllowMultiple = true)])
1. Declaring the attribute. (class public class MyAttribute : System.Attribute { // . . . })
2. Declaring constructors (public MyAttribute(bool myvalue) { this.myvalue = myvalue; })
3. Declaring properties
   public bool MyProperty
   {
   get {return this.myvalue;}
   set {this.myvalue = value;}
   }

The following example demonstrates the basic way of using reflection to get access to custom attributes.
class MainClass
{
public static void Main()
{
System.Reflection.MemberInfo info = typeof(MyClass);
object[] attributes = info.GetCustomAttributes();
for (int i = 0; i <>
{
System.Console.WriteLine(attributes[i]);
}
}
}

11. What is the managed and unmanaged code in .net?
    The .NET Framework provides a run-time environment called the Common Language Runtime, which manages the execution of code and provides services that make the development process easier. Compilers and tools expose the runtime's functionality and enable you to write code that benefits from this managed execution environment. Code that you develop with a language compiler that targets the runtime is called managed code; it benefits from features such as cross-language integration, cross-language exception handling, enhanced security, versioning and deployment support, a simplified model for component interaction, and debugging and profiling services.
12. How do you create threading in .NET? What is the namespace for that?
    System.Threading.Thread
13. Serialize and MarshalByRef?
14. using directive vs using statement :
    You create an instance in a using statement to ensure that Dispose is called on the object when the using statement is exited. A using statement can be exited either when the end of the using statement is reached or if, for example, an exception is thrown and control leaves the statement block before the end of the statement.
    The using directive has two uses:

• Create an alias for a namespace (a using alias).
• Permit the use of types in a namespace, such that, you do not have to qualify the use of a type in that namespace (a using directive).
14. Describe the Managed Execution Process?
    The managed execution process includes the following steps:

0. Choosing a compiler.
   To obtain the benefits provided by the common language runtime, you must use one or more language compilers that target the runtime.
1. Compiling your code to Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL).
   Compiling translates your source code into MSIL and generates the required metadata.
2. Compiling MSIL to native code.
   At execution time, a just-in-time (JIT) compiler translates the MSIL into native code. During this compilation, code must pass a verification process that examines the MSIL and metadata to find out whether the code can be determined to be type safe.
3. Executing your code.
   The common language runtime provides the infrastructure that enables execution to take place as well as a variety of services that can be used during execution.
15. What is Active Directory? What is the namespace used to access the Microsoft Active Directories? What are ADSI Directories?
    Active Directory Service Interfaces (ADSI) is a programmatic interface for Microsoft Windows Active Directory. It enables your applications to interact with diverse directories on a network, using a single interface. Visual Studio .NET and the .NET Framework make it easy to add ADSI functionality with the DirectoryEntry and DirectorySearcher components.
    Using ADSI, you can create applications that perform common administrative tasks, such as backing up databases, accessing printers, and administering user accounts. ADSI makes it possible for you to:

• Log on once to work with diverse directories. The DirectoryEntry component class provides username and password properties that can be entered at runtime and communicated to the Active Directory object you are binding to.
• Use a single application programming interface (API) to perform tasks on multiple directory systems by offering the user a variety of protocols to use. The DirectoryServices namespace provides the classes to perform most administrative functions.
• Perform "rich querying" on directory systems. ADSI technology allows for searching for an object by specifying two query dialects: SQL and LDAP.
• Access and use a single, hierarchical structure for administering and maintaining diverse and complicated network configurations by accessing an Active Directory tree.
• Integrate directory information with databases such as SQL Server. The DirectoryEntry path may be used as an ADO.NET connection string provided that it is using the LDAP provider.

using System.DirectoryServices;

17. How Garbage Collector (GC) Works?
    The methods in this class influence when an object is garbage collected and when resources allocated by an object are released. Properties in this class provide information about the total amount of memory available in the system and the age category, or generation, of memory allocated to an object. Periodically, the garbage collector performs garbage collection to reclaim memory allocated to objects for which there are no valid references. Garbage collection happens automatically when a request for memory cannot be satisfied using available free memory. Alternatively, an application can force garbage collection using the Collect method.
    Garbage collection consists of the following steps:

0. The garbage collector searches for managed objects that are referenced in managed code.
1. The garbage collector attempts to finalize objects that are not referenced.
2. The garbage collector frees objects that are not referenced and reclaims their memory.
17. Why do we need to call CG.SupressFinalize?
    Requests that the system not call the finalizer method for the specified object.
    [C#]
    public static void SuppressFinalize(object obj);

The method removes obj from the set of objects that require finalization. The obj parameter is required to be the caller of this method.
Objects that implement the IDisposable interface can call this method from the IDisposable.Dispose method to prevent the garbage collector from calling Object.Finalize on an object that does not require it.

19. What is nmake tool?
    The Nmake tool (Nmake.exe) is a 32-bit tool that you use to build projects based on commands contained in a .mak file.
    usage : nmake -a all

20 . What are Namespaces?
The namespace keyword is used to declare a scope. This namespace scope lets you organize code and gives you a way to create globally-unique types. Even if you do not explicitly declare one, a default namespace is created. This unnamed namespace, sometimes called the global namespace, is present in every file. Any identifier in the global namespace is available for use in a named namespace. Namespaces implicitly have public access and this is not modifiable.

Dot Net Interview Questions - Part 6 Interview question

1. What’s different about switch statements in C#?
   No fall-throughs allowed. Unlike the C++ switch statement, C# does not support an explicit fall through from one case label to another. If you want, you can use goto a switch-case, or goto default.
   case 1:
   cost += 25;
   break;
   case 2:
   cost += 25;
   goto case 1;
   
   
   
2. Advantage of ADO.Net?
• ADO.NET Does Not Depend On Continuously Live Connections
• Database Interactions Are Performed Using Data Commands
• Data Can Be Cached in Datasets
• Datasets Are Independent of Data Sources
• Data Is Persisted as XML
• Schemas Define Data Structures
3. How would u connect to database using .NET?
   SqlConnection nwindConn = new SqlConnection("Data Source=localhost; Integrated Security=SSPI;" + "Initial Catalog=northwind");
   nwindConn.Open();
4. What are relation objects in dataset and how & where to use them?
   In a DataSet that contains multiple DataTable objects, you can use DataRelation objects to relate one table to another, to navigate through the tables, and to return child or parent rows from a related table. Adding a DataRelation to a DataSet adds, by default, a UniqueConstraint to the parent table and a ForeignKeyConstraint to the child table.
   The following code example creates a DataRelation using two DataTable objects in a DataSet. Each DataTable contains a column named CustID, which serves as a link between the two DataTable objects. The example adds a single DataRelation to the Relations collection of the DataSet. The first argument in the example specifies the name of the DataRelation being created. The second argument sets the parent DataColumn and the third argument sets the child DataColumn.
   custDS.Relations.Add("CustOrders",
   custDS.Tables["Customers"].Columns["CustID"],
   custDS.Tables["Orders"].Columns["CustID"]);
   
   OR
   private void CreateRelation()
   {
   // Get the DataColumn objects from two DataTable objects in a DataSet.
   DataColumn parentCol;
   DataColumn childCol;
   // Code to get the DataSet not shown here.
   parentCol = DataSet1.Tables["Customers"].Columns["CustID"];
   childCol = DataSet1.Tables["Orders"].Columns["CustID"];
   // Create DataRelation.
   DataRelation relCustOrder;
   relCustOrder = new DataRelation("CustomersOrders", parentCol, childCol);
   // Add the relation to the DataSet.
   DataSet1.Relations.Add(relCustOrder);
   }

5. Difference between OLEDB Provider and SqlClient ?
Ans: SQLClient .NET classes are highly optimized for the .net / sqlserver combination and achieve optimal results. The SqlClient data provider is fast. It's faster than the Oracle provider, and faster than accessing database via the OleDb layer. It's faster because it accesses the native library (which automatically gives you better performance), and it was written with lots of help from the SQL Server team.

6. What are the different namespaces used in the project to connect the database? What data providers available in .net to connect to database?
• System.Data.OleDb – classes that make up the .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB-compatible data sources. These classes allow you to connect to an OLE DB data source, execute commands against the source, and read the results.
• System.Data.SqlClient – classes that make up the .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server, which allows you to connect to SQL Server 7.0, execute commands, and read results. The System.Data.SqlClient namespace is similar to the System.Data.OleDb namespace, but is optimized for access to SQL Server 7.0 and later.
• System.Data.Odbc - classes that make up the .NET Framework Data Provider for ODBC. These classes allow you to access ODBC data source in the managed space.
• System.Data.OracleClient - classes that make up the .NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle. These classes allow you to access an Oracle data source in the managed space.
7. Difference between DataReader and DataAdapter / DataSet and DataAdapter?
   You can use the ADO.NET DataReader to retrieve a read-only, forward-only stream of data from a database. Using the DataReader can increase application performance and reduce system overhead because only one row at a time is ever in memory.
   After creating an instance of the Command object, you create a DataReader by calling Command.ExecuteReader to retrieve rows from a data source, as shown in the following example.
   SqlDataReader myReader = myCommand.ExecuteReader();
   You use the Read method of the DataReader object to obtain a row from the results of the query.
   while (myReader.Read())
   Console.WriteLine("\t{0}\t{1}", myReader.GetInt32(0), myReader.GetString(1));
   myReader.Close();
   The DataSet is a memory-resident representation of data that provides a consistent relational programming model regardless of the data source. It can be used with multiple and differing data sources, used with XML data, or used to manage data local to the application. The DataSet represents a complete set of data including related tables, constraints, and relationships among the tables. The methods and objects in a DataSet are consistent with those in the relational database model. The DataSet can also persist and reload its contents as XML and its schema as XML Schema definition language (XSD) schema.
   The DataAdapter serves as a bridge between a DataSet and a data source for retrieving and saving data. The DataAdapter provides this bridge by mapping Fill, which changes the data in the DataSet to match the data in the data source, and Update, which changes the data in the data source to match the data in the DataSet. If you are connecting to a Microsoft SQL Server database, you can increase overall performance by using the SqlDataAdapter along with its associated SqlCommand and SqlConnection. For other OLE DB-supported databases, use the DataAdapter with its associated OleDbCommand and OleDbConnection objects.
8. Which method do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your generated dataset with data? Fill()
9. Explain different methods and Properties of DataReader which you have used in your project?
   1. Read
   2. GetString
   3. GetInt32
   while (myReader.Read())
   Console.WriteLine("\t{0}\t{1}", myReader.GetInt32(0), myReader.GetString(1));
   myReader.Close();
10. What happens when we issue Dataset.ReadXml command?
    Reads XML schema and data into the DataSet.
11. In how many ways we can retrieve table records count? How to find the count of records in a dataset?
    foreach(DataTable thisTable in myDataSet.Tables){
    // For each row, print the values of each column.
    foreach(DataRow myRow in thisTable.Rows){
12. How to check if a datareader is closed or opened? IsClosed()
13. What happens when u try to update data in a dataset in .NET while the record is already deleted in SQL SERVER as backend?
    OR What is concurrency? How will you avoid concurrency when dealing with dataset? (One user deleted one row after that another user through his dataset was trying to update same row. What will happen? How will you avoid the problem?)
14. How do you merge 2 datasets into the third dataset in a simple manner? OR If you are executing these statements in commandObject. "Select * from Table1;Select * from Table2” how you will deal result set?
15. How do you sort a dataset?
16. If a dataset contains 100 rows, how to fetch rows between 5 and 15 only?
17. Differences between dataset.clone and dataset.copy?
    Clone - Copies the structure of the DataSet, including all DataTable schemas, relations, and constraints. Does not copy any data.
    Copy - Copies both the structure and data for this DataSet.
18. What is the use of parameter object?
19. How to generate XML from a dataset and vice versa?
20. What is method to get XML and schema from Dataset?
    ans: getXML () and get Schema ()

Dot Net Interview Questions - Part 7 Interview question

1. How do u implement locking concept for dataset?
   
   
2. Asp.net and asp – differences?

Code Render Block	Code Declaration Block
	Compiled
Request/Response	Event Driven
	Object Oriented - Constructors/Destructors, Inheritance, overloading..
	Exception Handling - Try, Catch, Finally
	Down-level Support
	Cultures
	User Controls
	In-built client side validation
Session - weren't transferable across servers	It can span across servers, It can survive server crashes, can work with browsers that don't support cookies
built on top of the window & IIS, it was always a separate entity & its functionality was limited.	its an integral part of OS under the .net framework. It shares many of the same objects that traditional applications would use, and all .net objects are available for asp.net's consumption.
	Garbage Collection
	Declare variable with datatype
	In built graphics support
	Cultures

3. How ASP and ASP.NET page works? Explain about asp.net page life cycle?
4. Order of events in an asp.net page? Control Execution Lifecycle?

Phase	What a control needs to do	Method or event to override
Initialize	Initialize settings needed during the lifetime of the incoming Web request.	Init event (OnInit method)
Load view state	At the end of this phase, the ViewState property of a control is automatically populated as described in Maintaining State in a Control. A control can override the default implementation of the LoadViewState method to customize state restoration.	LoadViewState method
Process postback data	Process incoming form data and update properties accordingly.	LoadPostData method (if IPostBackDataHandler is implemented)
Load	Perform actions common to all requests, such as setting up a database query. At this point, server controls in the tree are created and initialized, the state is restored, and form controls reflect client-side data.	Load event (OnLoad method)
Send postback change notifications	Raise change events in response to state changes between the current and previous postbacks.	RaisePostDataChangedEvent method (if IPostBackDataHandler is implemented)
Handle postback events	Handle the client-side event that caused the postback and raise appropriate events on the server.	RaisePostBackEvent method(if IPostBackEventHandler is implemented)
Prerender	Perform any updates before the output is rendered. Any changes made to the state of the control in the prerender phase can be saved, while changes made in the rendering phase are lost.	PreRender event (OnPreRender method)
Save state	The ViewState property of a control is automatically persisted to a string object after this stage. This string object is sent to the client and back as a hidden variable. For improving efficiency, a control can override the SaveViewState method to modify the ViewState property.	SaveViewState method
Render	Generate output to be rendered to the client.	Render method
Dispose	Perform any final cleanup before the control is torn down. References to expensive resources such as database connections must be released in this phase.	Dispose method
Unload	Perform any final cleanup before the control is torn down. Control authors generally perform cleanup in Dispose and do not handle this event.	UnLoad event (On UnLoad method)

Note To override an EventName event, override the OnEventName method (and call base.OnEventName)

5. What are server controls?
   ASP.NET server controls are components that run on the server and encapsulate user-interface and other related functionality. They are used in ASP.NET pages and in ASP.NET code-behind classes.
6. What is the difference between Web User Control and Web Custom Control?
   Custom Controls
   Web custom controls are compiled components that run on the server and that encapsulate user-interface and other related functionality into reusable packages. They can include all the design-time features of standard ASP.NET server controls, including full support for Visual Studio design features such as the Properties window, the visual designer, and the Toolbox.
   There are several ways that you can create Web custom controls:
• You can compile a control that combines the functionality of two or more existing controls. For example, if you need a control that encapsulates a button and a text box, you can create it by compiling the existing controls together.
• If an existing server control almost meets your requirements but lacks some required features, you can customize the control by deriving from it and overriding its properties, methods, and events.
• If none of the existing Web server controls (or their combinations) meet your requirements, you can create a custom control by deriving from one of the base control classes. These classes provide all the basic functionality of Web server controls, so you can focus on programming the features you need.

If none of the existing ASP.NET server controls meet the specific requirements of your applications, you can create either a Web user control or a Web custom control that encapsulates the functionality you need. The main difference between the two controls lies in ease of creation vs. ease of use at design time.
Web user controls are easy to make, but they can be less convenient to use in advanced scenarios. You develop Web user controls almost exactly the same way that you develop Web Forms pages. Like Web Forms, user controls can be created in the visual designer, they can be written with code separated from the HTML, and they can handle execution events. However, because Web user controls are compiled dynamically at run time they cannot be added to the Toolbox, and they are represented by a simple placeholder glyph when added to a page. This makes Web user controls harder to use if you are accustomed to full Visual Studio .NET design-time support, including the Properties window and Design view previews. Also, the only way to share the user control between applications is to put a separate copy in each application, which takes more maintenance if you make changes to the control.
Web custom controls are compiled code, which makes them easier to use but more difficult to create; Web custom controls must be authored in code. Once you have created the control, however, you can add it to the Toolbox and display it in a visual designer with full Properties window support and all the other design-time features of ASP.NET server controls. In addition, you can install a single copy of the Web custom control in the global assembly cache and share it between applications, which makes maintenance easier.

Web user controls	Web custom controls
Easier to create	Harder to create
Limited support for consumers who use a visual design tool	Full visual design tool support for consumers
A separate copy of the control is required in each application	Only a single copy of the control is required, in the global assembly cache
Cannot be added to the Toolbox in Visual Studio	Can be added to the Toolbox in Visual Studio
Good for static layout	Good for dynamic layout

7. Application and Session Events
   The ASP.NET page framework provides ways for you to work with events that can be raised when your application starts or stops or when an individual user's session starts or stops:
• Application events are raised for all requests to an application. For example, Application_BeginRequest is raised when any Web Forms page or XML Web service in your application is requested. This event allows you to initialize resources that will be used for each request to the application. A corresponding event, Application_EndRequest, provides you with an opportunity to close or otherwise dispose of resources used for the request.
• Session events are similar to application events (there is a Session_OnStart and a Session_OnEnd event), but are raised with each unique session within the application. A session begins when a user requests a page for the first time from your application and ends either when your application explicitly closes the session or when the session times out.

You can create handlers for these types of events in the Global.asax file.

8. Difference between ASP Session and ASP.NET Session?
   asp.net session supports cookie less session & it can span across multiple servers.
9. What is cookie less session? How it works?
   By default, ASP.NET will store the session state in the same process that processes the request, just as ASP does. If cookies are not available, a session can be tracked by adding a session identifier to the URL. This can be enabled by setting the following:
   
10. How you will handle session when deploying application in more than a server? Describe session handling in a webfarm, how does it work and what are the limits?
    By default, ASP.NET will store the session state in the same process that processes the request, just as ASP does. Additionally, ASP.NET can store session data in an external process, which can even reside on another machine. To enable this feature:
• Start the ASP.NET state service, either using the Services snap-in or by executing "net start aspnet_state" on the command line. The state service will by default listen on port 42424. To change the port, modify the registry key for the service: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\aspnet_state\Parameters\Port
• Set the mode attribute of the section to "StateServer".
• Configure the stateConnectionString attribute with the values of the machine on which you started aspnet_state.

The following sample assumes that the state service is running on the same machine as the Web server ("localhost") and uses the default port (42424):

Note that if you try the sample above with this setting, you can reset the Web server (enter iisreset on the command line) and the session state value will persist.

11. What method do you use to explicitly kill a users session?Abandon()
12. What are the different ways you would consider sending data across pages in ASP (i.e between 1.asp to 2.asp)?Session, public properties
13. What is State Management in .Net and how many ways are there to maintain a state in .Net? What is view state?
    Web pages are recreated each time the page is posted to the server. In traditional Web programming, this would ordinarily mean that all information associated with the page and the controls on the page would be lost with each round trip.
    To overcome this inherent limitation of traditional Web programming, the ASP.NET page framework includes various options to help you preserve changes — that is, for managing state. The page framework includes a facility called view state that automatically preserves property values of the page and all the controls on it between round trips.
    However, you will probably also have application-specific values that you want to preserve. To do so, you can use one of the state management options.
    Client-Based State Management Options:
    View State
    Hidden Form Fields
    Cookies
    Query Strings
    Server-Based State Management Options
    Application State
    Session State
    Database Support
14. What are the disadvantages of view state / what are the benefits?
    Automatic view-state management is a feature of server controls that enables them to repopulate their property values on a round trip (without you having to write any code). This feature does impact performance, however, since a server control's view state is passed to and from the server in a hidden form field. You should be aware of when view state helps you and when it hinders your page's performance.
15. When maintaining session through Sql server, what is the impact of Read and Write operation on Session objects? will performance degrade?
    Maintaining state using database technology is a common practice when storing user-specific information where the information store is large. Database storage is particularly useful for maintaining long-term state or state that must be preserved even if the server must be restarted.
16. What are the contents of cookie?
17. How do you create a permanent cookie?
18. What is ViewState? What does the "EnableViewState" property do?Why would I want it on or off?
19. Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code?
    Server side code will process at server side & it will send the result to client. Client side code (javascript) will execute only at client side.
20. Can you give an example of what might be best suited to place in the Application_Start and Session_Start subroutines?

Dot Net Interview Questions - Part 8 Interview question

1. Which ASP.NET configuration options are supported in the ASP.NET implementation on the shared web hosting platform?
   A: Many of the ASP.NET configuration options are not configurable at the site, application or subdirectory level on the shared hosting platform. Certain options can affect the security, performance and stability of the server and, therefore cannot be changed. The following settings are the only ones that can be changed in your site’s web.config file (s):
   browserCaps
   clientTarget
   pages
   customErrors
   globalization
   authorization
   authentication
   webControls
   webServices
2. Briefly describe the role of global.asax?
3. How can u debug your .net application?
4. How do u deploy your asp.net application?
5. Where do we store our connection string in asp.net application?
6. Various steps taken to optimize a web based application (caching, stored procedure etc.)
7. How does ASP.NET framework maps client side events to Server side events.
   
   
8. Security types in ASP/ASP.NET? Different Authentication modes?
9. How .Net has implemented security for web applications?
10. How to do Forms authentication in asp.net?
11. Explain authentication levels in .net ?
12. Explain autherization levels in .net ?
13. What is Role-Based security?
    A role is a named set of principals that have the same privileges with respect to security (such as a teller or a manager). A principal can be a member of one or more roles. Therefore, applications can use role membership to determine whether a principal is authorized to perform a requested action.
14. How will you do windows authentication and what is the namespace? If a user is logged under integrated windows authentication mode, but he is still not able to logon, what might be the possible cause for this? In ASP.Net application how do you find the name of the logged in person under windows authentication?
15. What are the different authentication modes in the .NET environment?

     ="Windows|Forms|Passport|None">

       ="name"

         loginUrl="url" 

         protection="All|None|Encryption|Validation"

         timeout="30" path="/" >

         requireSSL="true|false"

         slidingExpiration="true|false">

         ="Clear|SHA1|MD5">

            ="username" password="password"/>

       internal"/>

Attribute	Option	Description
Mode		Controls the default authentication mode for an application.
	Windows	Specifies Windows authentication as the default authentication mode. Use this mode when using any form of Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) authentication: Basic, Digest, Integrated Windows authentication (NTLM/Kerberos), or certificates.
	Forms	Specifies ASP.NET forms-based authentication as the default authentication mode.
	Passport	Specifies Microsoft Passport authentication as the default authentication mode.
	None	Specifies no authentication. Only anonymous users are expected or applications can handle events to provide their own authentication.

16. How do you specify whether your data should be passed as Query string and Forms (Mainly about POST and GET)
    Through attribute tag of form tag.
17. What is the other method, other than GET and POST, in ASP.NET?
18. What are validator? Name the Validation controls in asp.net? How do u disable them? Will the asp.net validators run in server side or client side? How do you do Client-side validation in .Net? How to disable validator control by client side JavaScript?
    A set of server controls included with ASP.NET that test user input in HTML and Web server controls for programmer-defined requirements. Validation controls perform input checking in server code. If the user is working with a browser that supports DHTML, the validation controls can also perform validation ("EnableClientScript" property set to true/false) using client script.
    The following validation controls are available in asp.net:
    RequiredFieldValidator Control, CompareValidator Control, RangeValidator Control, RegularExpressionValidator Control, CustomValidator Control, ValidationSummary Control.
19. Which two properties are there on every validation control? ControlToValidate, ErrorMessage

How do you use css in asp.net?
Within the section of an HTML document that will use these styles, add a link to this external CSS style sheet that
follows this form:

MyStyles.css is the name of your external CSS style sheet.

Dot Net Interview Questions - Part 2 Interview question

1. What are Satellite Assemblies? How you will create this? How will you get the different language strings?
   Satellite assemblies are often used to deploy language-specific resources for an application. These language-specific assemblies work in side-by-side execution because the application has a separate product ID for each language and installs satellite assemblies in a language-specific subdirectory for each language. When uninstalling, the application removes only the satellite assemblies associated with a given language and .NET Framework version. No core .NET Framework files are removed unless the last language for that .NET Framework version is being removed.
   (For example, English and Japanese editions of the .NET Framework version 1.1 share the same core files. The Japanese .NET Framework version 1.1 adds satellite assemblies with localized resources in a \ja subdirectory. An application that supports the .NET Framework version 1.1, regardless of its language, always uses the same core runtime files.)
2. How will u load dynamic assembly? How will create assemblies at run time?
3. What is Assembly manifest? what all details the assembly manifest will contain?
   Every assembly, whether static or dynamic, contains a collection of data that describes how the elements in the assembly relate to each other. The assembly manifest contains this assembly metadata. An assembly manifest contains all the metadata needed to specify the assembly's version requirements and security identity, and all metadata needed to define the scope of the assembly and resolve references to resources and classes. The assembly manifest can be stored in either a PE file (an .exe or .dll) with Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) code or in a standalone PE file that contains only assembly manifest information.
   It contains Assembly name, Version number, Culture, Strong name information, List of all files in the assembly, Type reference information, Information on referenced assemblies.
4. Difference between assembly manifest & metadata?
   assembly manifest - An integral part of every assembly that renders the assembly self-describing. The assembly manifest contains the assembly's metadata. The manifest establishes the assembly identity, specifies the files that make up the assembly implementation, specifies the types and resources that make up the assembly, itemizes the compile-time dependencies on other assemblies, and specifies the set of permissions required for the assembly to run properly. This information is used at run time to resolve references, enforce version binding policy, and validate the integrity of loaded assemblies. The self-describing nature of assemblies also helps makes zero-impact install and XCOPY deployment feasible.
   metadata - Information that describes every element managed by the common language runtime: an assembly, loadable file, type, method, and so on. This can include information required for debugging and garbage collection, as well as security attributes, marshaling data, extended class and member definitions, version binding, and other information required by the runtime.
5. What is Global Assembly Cache (GAC) and what is the purpose of it? (How to make an assembly to public? Steps) How more than one version of an assembly can keep in same place?
   Each computer where the common language runtime is installed has a machine-wide code cache called the global assembly cache. The global assembly cache stores assemblies specifically designated to be shared by several applications on the computer. You should share assemblies by installing them into the global assembly cache only when you need to.
   Steps
   - Create a strong name using sn.exe tool
   eg: sn -k keyPair.snk
   - with in AssemblyInfo.cs add the generated file name
   eg: [assembly: AssemblyKeyFile("abc.snk")]
   - recompile project, then install it to GAC by either
   drag & drop it to assembly folder (C:\WINDOWS\assembly OR C:\WINNT\assembly) (shfusion.dll tool)
   or
   gacutil -i abc.dll
6. If I have more than one version of one assemblies, then how'll I use old version (how/where to specify version number?)in my application?
7. How to find methods of a assembly file (not using ILDASM)
   Reflection
8. What is Garbage Collection in .Net? Garbage collection process?
   The process of transitively tracing through all pointers to actively used objects in order to locate all objects that can be referenced, and then arranging to reuse any heap memory that was not found during this trace. The common language runtime garbage collector also compacts the memory that is in use to reduce the working space needed for the heap.
9. What is Reflection in .NET? Namespace? How will you load an assembly which is not referenced by current assembly?
   All .NET compilers produce metadata about the types defined in the modules they produce. This metadata is packaged along with the module (modules in turn are packaged together in assemblies), and can be accessed by a mechanism called reflection. The System.Reflection namespace contains classes that can be used to interrogate the types for a module/assembly.
   Using reflection to access .NET metadata is very similar to using ITypeLib/ITypeInfo to access type library data in COM, and it is used for similar purposes - e.g. determining data type sizes for marshaling data across context/process/machine boundaries.
   Reflection can also be used to dynamically invoke methods (see System.Type.InvokeMember), or even create types dynamically at run-time (see System.Reflection.Emit.TypeBuilder).
10. What is Custom attribute? How to create? If I'm having custom attribute in an assembly, how to say that name in the code?
    A: The primary steps to properly design custom attribute classes are as follows:

0. Applying the AttributeUsageAttribute ([AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All, Inherited = false, AllowMultiple = true)])
1. Declaring the attribute. (class public class MyAttribute : System.Attribute { // . . . })
2. Declaring constructors (public MyAttribute(bool myvalue) { this.myvalue = myvalue; })
3. Declaring properties
   public bool MyProperty
   {
   get {return this.myvalue;}
   set {this.myvalue = value;}
   }

The following example demonstrates the basic way of using reflection to get access to custom attributes.
class MainClass
{
public static void Main()
{
System.Reflection.MemberInfo info = typeof(MyClass);
object[] attributes = info.GetCustomAttributes();
for (int i = 0; i <>
{
System.Console.WriteLine(attributes[i]);
}
}
}

11. What is the managed and unmanaged code in .net?
    The .NET Framework provides a run-time environment called the Common Language Runtime, which manages the execution of code and provides services that make the development process easier. Compilers and tools expose the runtime's functionality and enable you to write code that benefits from this managed execution environment. Code that you develop with a language compiler that targets the runtime is called managed code; it benefits from features such as cross-language integration, cross-language exception handling, enhanced security, versioning and deployment support, a simplified model for component interaction, and debugging and profiling services.
12. How do you create threading in .NET? What is the namespace for that?
    System.Threading.Thread
13. Serialize and MarshalByRef?
14. using directive vs using statement :
    You create an instance in a using statement to ensure that Dispose is called on the object when the using statement is exited. A using statement can be exited either when the end of the using statement is reached or if, for example, an exception is thrown and control leaves the statement block before the end of the statement.
    The using directive has two uses:

• Create an alias for a namespace (a using alias).
• Permit the use of types in a namespace, such that, you do not have to qualify the use of a type in that namespace (a using directive).
14. Describe the Managed Execution Process?
    The managed execution process includes the following steps:

0. Choosing a compiler.
   To obtain the benefits provided by the common language runtime, you must use one or more language compilers that target the runtime.
1. Compiling your code to Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL).
   Compiling translates your source code into MSIL and generates the required metadata.
2. Compiling MSIL to native code.
   At execution time, a just-in-time (JIT) compiler translates the MSIL into native code. During this compilation, code must pass a verification process that examines the MSIL and metadata to find out whether the code can be determined to be type safe.
3. Executing your code.
   The common language runtime provides the infrastructure that enables execution to take place as well as a variety of services that can be used during execution.
15. What is Active Directory? What is the namespace used to access the Microsoft Active Directories? What are ADSI Directories?
    Active Directory Service Interfaces (ADSI) is a programmatic interface for Microsoft Windows Active Directory. It enables your applications to interact with diverse directories on a network, using a single interface. Visual Studio .NET and the .NET Framework make it easy to add ADSI functionality with the DirectoryEntry and DirectorySearcher components.
    Using ADSI, you can create applications that perform common administrative tasks, such as backing up databases, accessing printers, and administering user accounts. ADSI makes it possible for you to:

• Log on once to work with diverse directories. The DirectoryEntry component class provides username and password properties that can be entered at runtime and communicated to the Active Directory object you are binding to.
• Use a single application programming interface (API) to perform tasks on multiple directory systems by offering the user a variety of protocols to use. The DirectoryServices namespace provides the classes to perform most administrative functions.
• Perform "rich querying" on directory systems. ADSI technology allows for searching for an object by specifying two query dialects: SQL and LDAP.
• Access and use a single, hierarchical structure for administering and maintaining diverse and complicated network configurations by accessing an Active Directory tree.
• Integrate directory information with databases such as SQL Server. The DirectoryEntry path may be used as an ADO.NET connection string provided that it is using the LDAP provider.

using System.DirectoryServices;

17. How Garbage Collector (GC) Works?
    The methods in this class influence when an object is garbage collected and when resources allocated by an object are released. Properties in this class provide information about the total amount of memory available in the system and the age category, or generation, of memory allocated to an object. Periodically, the garbage collector performs garbage collection to reclaim memory allocated to objects for which there are no valid references. Garbage collection happens automatically when a request for memory cannot be satisfied using available free memory. Alternatively, an application can force garbage collection using the Collect method.
    Garbage collection consists of the following steps:

0. The garbage collector searches for managed objects that are referenced in managed code.
1. The garbage collector attempts to finalize objects that are not referenced.
2. The garbage collector frees objects that are not referenced and reclaims their memory.
17. Why do we need to call CG.SupressFinalize?
    Requests that the system not call the finalizer method for the specified object.
    [C#]
    public static void SuppressFinalize(object obj);

The method removes obj from the set of objects that require finalization. The obj parameter is required to be the caller of this method.
Objects that implement the IDisposable interface can call this method from the IDisposable.Dispose method to prevent the garbage collector from calling Object.Finalize on an object that does not require it.

19. What is nmake tool?
    The Nmake tool (Nmake.exe) is a 32-bit tool that you use to build projects based on commands contained in a .mak file.
    usage : nmake -a all

20 . What are Namespaces?
The namespace keyword is used to declare a scope. This namespace scope lets you organize code and gives you a way to create globally-unique types. Even if you do not explicitly declare one, a default namespace is created. This unnamed namespace, sometimes called the global namespace, is present in every file. Any identifier in the global namespace is available for use in a named namespace. Namespaces implicitly have public access and this is not modifiable.